One of the most abundant abundant dryland colonists, it is rare at coastal level but abundant on the lower hill slopes. Most plants set seed, even if not acquiring sufficient nutrients and water to reach more than a few centimetres in height, annually liberating in enormous quantities of wind-blown seed, which may travel some distance unimpeded over the open terrain and provide further massive colonization potential. (Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB);
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Spread via wind-blown seed. (Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB);
Pagad S, Wong L J (2022). Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Version 1.4. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/vijxee; Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB;