Historic populations at Grytviken and Prince Olav Harbour. (Floyd, K. (2013) Weeds on South Georgia. Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.); No plants found at Grytviken cemetery but some new sites found in the Husvik area. (Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (2015) Alien plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2014-2015. Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.); Restricted naturalised. Follow-up on all known sites was undertaken with more outliers identified at known sites (eg Olsen Valley) and treated. (Floyd, K. (2018) Non-native plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2017/18. Indigena Biosecurity International, Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands);
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Terrestrial
Spread is both vegetative and via wind and water-assisted seed dispersal. (Floyd, K. (2018) Non-native plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2017/18. Indigena Biosecurity International, Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands);
James, R., Floyd, K., Pagad, S. & Wong, L.J. (2020) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Version 1.4. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset; Floyd, K. (2013) Weeds on South Georgia. Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.; Sindel, B.M., Kristiansen, P.E., Wilson, S.C., Shaw, J.D. & Williams, L.K. (2017). Managing invasive plants on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, The Rangeland Journal, 39, pp. 537€“549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ17073; Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (2016) South Georgia Non-Native Plant Management Strategy 2016-2020. Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands.; Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (2015) Alien plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2014-2015. Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.; Floyd, K. (2018) Non-native plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2017/18. Indigena Biosecurity International, Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;