Weed. One station seen at Down Rope. Florence 11020. (Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.);
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Invasive. (Christian, M., Warren, J., Warren, C., Myer, B., Moverly, D., Wong, L. J. & Pagad, S. (2022) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Pitcairn Islands - Great Britain. Version 1.7. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset. );
Terrestrial. Leaves grazed by goats. (Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.);
Christian, M., Warren, J., Warren, C., Myer, B., Moverly, D., Wong, L. J. & Pagad, S. (2022) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Pitcairn Islands - Great Britain. Version 1.7. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset.; Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.; Waldren, S., Wesiler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D. (1999)The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South Central Pacific Ocean, Atoll Research Bulletin, 463, pp. 114. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.463.1; Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.H. & Stoddart, D.R. (1983)Henderson Island (Southeastern Polynesia): summary of current knowledge, Atoll Research Bulletin, 272, pp. 147. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.272.1;