Adventive. (Greene, S.W. & Walton, D.W.H. (1975). An annotated checklist of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic vascular flora, Polar Record, 17(110), pp. 473, 484.); Widespread naturalised. (Floyd, K. (2018) Non-native plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2017/18. Indigena Biosecurity International, Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands); Established. With the retreat of the Ampere Glacier on Iles Kerguelen, C. fontanum was one of two most successful colonisers of bare ground and produced the greatest number of seeds per plant (Frenot and Gloaguen 1994). Well established on Macquarie island. Despite the close taxonomic relationship to S. media, C. fontanum appears significantly more widespread on Macquarie Island. Distribution is more similar to that of P. annua, although it does not form the monocultures around seal and penguin colonies like that of P. annua. (Sindel, B.M., Kristiansen, P.E., Wilson, S.C., Shaw, J.D. & Williams, L.K. (2017). Managing invasive plants on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, The Rangeland Journal, 39, pp. 537€“549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ17073); Widespread across some parts of South Georgia. (Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (2016) South Georgia Non-Native Plant Management Strategy 2016-2020. Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands.);
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Invasive (James, R., Floyd, K., Pagad, S. & Wong, L.J. (2020) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Version 1.4. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset);
Terrestrial. Native of Europe, Asia and North Africa. (Sindel, B.M., Kristiansen, P.E., Wilson, S.C., Shaw, J.D. & Williams, L.K. (2017). Managing invasive plants on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, The Rangeland Journal, 39, pp. 537€“549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ17073);
James, R., Floyd, K., Pagad, S. & Wong, L.J. (2020) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Version 1.4. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset; Greene, S.W. & Walton, D.W.H. (1975). An annotated checklist of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic vascular flora, Polar Record, 17(110), pp. 473, 484.; Floyd, K. (2018) Non-native plants on South Georgia: Season Report 2017/18. Indigena Biosecurity International, Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (2016) South Georgia Non-Native Plant Management Strategy 2016-2020. Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands.;