Tolerant of desiccation and salt-spray, on the sandy beaches, which are increasingly fringed with growths. (Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB);
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In many cases, the expanses are important nesting sites for green turtles Chelonia mydas. The vegetation impedes their access, and affects the temperature and moisture retention of the sand, which may influence hatching success. (Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB);
Pagad S, Wong L J (2022). Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Version 1.4. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/vijxee; Lambdon, P. & Darlow, A. (2008) Botanical Survey of Ascension Island and St. Helena 2008. RSPB;