Invasive (Pagad S., Wong L.J. (2020): Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species – Gibraltar. v1.1. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG; Pagad S, Wong L J (2020): Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species of Gibraltar. v1.1. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG.46; Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar; Species that have been introduced into Gibraltar. (Unknown).);
Terrestrial. Introduced from Tropical America. Invasive. At present not a serious problem, but an increasing number of individual plants have been seen on the Upper Rock. (Species that have been introduced into Gibraltar. (Unknown).); Spreading into Upper Rock from peripheral gardens. Seeds spread by birds, giving it strong dispersal ability. (Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar); Common. (Gibraltar flora database (Unknown));
Pagad S., Wong L.J. (2020): Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species – Gibraltar. v1.1. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG; Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar; Species that have been introduced into Gibraltar. (Unknown).; Gibraltar flora database (Unknown);