A very large number of trees on the Upper Rock died during or immediately after the drought period of the mid 1990s. It is not unreasonable to assume that pollution emanating from car exhaust may have affected and weakened trees. Of the 199 individuals counted, 54 were alive and 145 were dead, many that remain are in poor condition. Pine trees have had an important role to play in the Nature Reserve, and that some form of pine tree replanting would be beneficial to the Upper Rock. However, this should be restricted to sites at which these trees were originally planted, and their present range within the Nature Reserve should not be extended. (Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar); Common. (Gibraltar flora database (Unknown));
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- 3.8. Shrubland – Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation
Terrestrial. Probably introduced from Spain. (Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar).
Most pines were probably planted on the Upper Rock. ((Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar));
Pagad S., Wong L.J. (2020): Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species – Gibraltar. v1.1. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG; Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. (2005) The Upper Rock Nature Reserve, A Management and Action Plan. The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Gibraltar; Gibraltar flora database (Unknown);