Adventive.(Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.; Waldren, S., Wesiler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D. (1999)The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South Central Pacific Ocean, Atoll Research Bulletin, 463, pp. 114. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.463.1);
Invasive. (Christian, M., Warren, J., Warren, C., Myer, B., Moverly, D., Wong, L. J. & Pagad, S. (2022) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Pitcairn Islands - Great Britain. Version 1.7. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset. );
Terrestrial. The plant is sometimes used as a vegetable (Barrau, 1961; Whistler, 1991a) and been used medicinally (Gothesson, 1997), it may represent a Polynesian introduction, though we consider this species to be a recent and probably ephemeral colonist. (Waldren, S., Wesiler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D. (1999)The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South Central Pacific Ocean, Atoll Research Bulletin, 463, pp. 114. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.463.1);
Unlikely to have been introduced by Pitcairn islanders who never visit the southern part of Henderson. Probably arrived on the island following avian dispersal, possibly from Pitcairn island where the species is common. If so, this represents natural secondary dispersal of a weedy non-native species.(Waldren, S., Wesiler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D. (1999)The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South Central Pacific Ocean, Atoll Research Bulletin, 463, pp. 114. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.463.1); Possibly a recent introduction by birds as there is only one location known near the South West Point. The islanders could not have introduced the species to the southern end of Henderson. Brooke in Rlorence 11 109. (Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.)
Christian, M., Warren, J., Warren, C., Myer, B., Moverly, D., Wong, L. J. & Pagad, S. (2022) Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Pitcairn Islands - Great Britain. Version 1.7. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset.; Florence, J., Waldren, S. & Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. (1995)The flora of the Pitcairn Islands: a review, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, pp. 79119.; Waldren, S., Wesiler, M.I., Hather, J.G. & Morrow, D. (1999)The non-native vascular plants of Henderson Island, South Central Pacific Ocean, Atoll Research Bulletin, 463, pp. 114. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.463.1; UKOTs Team (2024). UKOTs Online Herbarium - Pitcairn. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet at http://brahmsonline.kew.org/UKOT (July 2024); UKOTs Team (2024). UKOTs Online Herbarium - Oeno. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet at http://brahmsonline.kew.org/UKOT (July 2024);