Established. (Lambdon, P., & Darlow, A. (2012). Flowering plants & ferns of St Helena. Pisces Publications for St Helena Nature Conservation Group);
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- 1.9. Forest – Subtropical/tropical moist montane
Widespread invasive, can keep it down but hard to remove. (Non-Native Species Workshop (2024) Non-Native Species Workshop for St Helena. Workshop, St Helena, 15-19 January 2024.);
Lambdon, P., & Darlow, A. (2012). Flowering plants & ferns of St Helena. Pisces Publications for St Helena Nature Conservation Group. Pisces Publications for St Helena Nature Conservation Group; Melliss, J.C. (1875). St. Helena: A physical, historical and topographical description of the island, including its geology, fauna, flora and meteorology. L. Reeve & co., London; Non-Native Species Workshop (2024) Non-Native Species Workshop for St Helena. Workshop, St Helena, 15-19 January 2024.; Key, R., Fowler, L., Pryce, D., Wilkins, V., Key, R. (2021). Terrestrial & Freshwater Invertebrates of St Helena. Pisces Publications, Newbury.;