Can smother and out-compete both wild and pasture grasses. It may also impact forest communities by preventing trees from getting sunlight, because it is able to overtop trees and then shade forests. (Animal and Plant Health Agency (2020). Factsheets for 21 established invasive species of common concern to Anguilla and TCI for either eradication or control. FERA);
Can be a serious problem in pasture lands where they are toxic to cattle and horses if eaten. (Animal and Plant Health Agency (2020). Factsheets for 21 established invasive species of common concern to Anguilla and TCI for either eradication or control. FERA);
Terrestrial. Native to the north-western coast of Madagascar. (Animal and Plant Health Agency (2020). Factsheets for 21 established invasive species of common concern to Anguilla and TCI for either eradication or control. FERA);
Natural dispersal: seeds are rapidly dispersed by wind, water, or by animals. Seeds can tolerate prolonged periods of immersion in saline water. Intentional dispersal: planted as an ornamental plant or for rubber production. (Animal and Plant Health Agency (2020). Factsheets for 21 established invasive species of common concern to Anguilla and TCI for either eradication or control. FERA);
Animal and Plant Health Agency (2020). Factsheets for 21 established invasive species of common concern to Anguilla and TCI for either eradication or control. FERA;